体积滴定法通常用于100 ppm至100%含水量范围内的样品, although sample analysis down 10 ppm water is possible. 单组分卡尔菲舍尔试剂是最受欢迎的，因为它们是最便宜的, and don't always require a special solvent. In one-component Karl Fischer Titration, 已知浓度的滴定剂在容器溶剂中与样品反应, ultimately consuming the water in the sample.

滴定剂含有KF反应所需的所有成分:碘, base, sulfur dioxide, and a solvent medium. 容器溶剂的选择要符合样品的溶解特性. 通过测量加入滴定剂的体积，可以计算出样品中的水量. The Watermark product line includes reagents with titer values of 5 mg/mL, 2 mg/mL, and 1 mg/mL, covering an array of applications.

With a methanol-free and pyridine-free formula, Watermark volumetric titrants are suitable for all KF titration samples, even those with aldehydes or ketones.

Not sure which to choose?

Choose a One-Component System if your lab is on a budget, or performs frequent KF titrations. All reactants are in the titrant bottle, 我们的水印非吸湿滴定剂的设计非常稳定，保证两年的保质期.

Choose a Two-Component System 如果您需要更高的准确度，更快的滴定，或需要标准化频率更低. The lowest strength available is 0.5毫克/毫升，是专为最少的样品，或非常低的水含量的应用.

库仑滴定法通常选用含水量小于1%的方法, although samples with water content up to 5% are possible. Anolyte and catholyte choices are based on the sample matrix, which in turn influences generator choice.

水印试剂为卡尔费歇尔滴定提供了最佳的价值和性能. With extended shelf life, rapid moisture determinations, and a stable end-point, it is evident that Watermark outperforms the competition. Watermark, by GFS Chemicals, is specially formulated to provide the ultimate in analytical performance.

卡尔费歇尔滴定剂的标准化是必要的，以确定其水当量. GFS Chemicals manufactures a broad range of reference materials, including primary standards in our Columbus, Ohio facilities.

Water standards 每盒10个一次性安瓿，并有5年的保质期. 水印水标准不含甲醇，可用于所有应用. All standards come with a Certificate of Analysis (COfA), are scrupulously tested in our ISO/IEC 17025 accredited management system, and are NIST traceable.

Solid standards, including sodium tartrate and potassium citrate, are also available.

The Karl Fischer reaction is pH dependent. 大多数的水印滴定剂和溶剂被缓冲，以抵消样品，引起小的pH值变化. If the sample causes the pH to change outside the required 5 to 7.5 range, side reactions and slow kinetics are likely to occur.

To counter the effects of samples with extremely high or low pH values, add a buffering material to adjust the pH back to the optimal pH range.

GFS化学专业生产无水高氯酸镁，它是空气和气体的优良干燥剂. KF titration systems require protection from atmospheric moisture. We offer many options including molecular sieves, indicating silica beads, drierite and calcium-based desiccants.

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